Week 3 - Web Development Process

Subtopics :

-Steps in developing websites

-Design model and methodology

-Instructional design model

• A system development process can follow a number of standard or specific frameworks,methodologies, modeling tools and languages.
• For educational/training website, Instructional Design Model (ID Model) is a process framework (general) that can be use.
• What is ID Model ? Example of ID Model ?

1. ADDIE model

The ADDIE model is a systematic approach to the instructional design process. It provides instructional designers with a framework in order to make sure that their instructional products are effective and that their creative processes are as efficient as they can possibly be. ADDIE stands for the steps of the model. Each step has an outcome that feeds the subsequent step. Evaluation is essential after each step.

• Analyze: Define the needs and constraints
• Design: Specify learning activities, assessment and choose methods and media
• Develop: Begin production, formative evaluation, and revise
• Implement: Put the plan into action
• Evaluate: Evaluate the plan from all levels for next implementation

2. Hannafin Peck Model

The Hannafin Peck (1987) design model is a three phase process. In the first phase, a needs assessment is performed. This phase is followed by a design phase. Finally, in the third phase, instruction is developed and implemented.

 

The term "needs assessment" has become strongly associated with education and instructional design. However the same basic process is used to determine customer needs and wants for products and services. In business the term used is "market research", with the target market for a product or service equivalent to the target audience for a class or other training. Needs analysis, market research, market analysis, and needs assessments are terms used somewhat interchangeably to describe this process.

3. Dick and Carey Design Model

Stage 1. Instructional Goals

* Instructional Goal: Desirable state of affairs by instruction * Needs Analysis : Analysis of a discrepancy between an instructional goal and the present state of affairs or a personal perception of needs.

Stage 2. Instructional Analysis

* Purpose : To determine the skills involved in reaching a goal * Task Analysis (procedural analysis) : about the product of which would be a list of steps and the skills used at each step in the procedure * Information-Processing Analysis : about the mental operations used by a person who has learned a complex skills * Learning-Task Analysis : about the objectives of instruction that involve intellectual skills

Stage 3. Entry Behaviors and Learner Characteristics

* Purpose : To determine which of the required enabling skills the learners bring to the learning task * Intellectual skills * Abilities such as verbal comprehension and spatial orientation * Traits of personality

Stage 4. Performance Objectives

* Purpose : To translate the needs and goals into specific and detail objectives * Functions : Determining whether the instruction related to its goals. Focusing the lesson planning upon appropriate conditions of learning Guiding the development of measures of learner performance .Assisting learners in their study efforts.

Stage 5. Criterion-Referenced Test Items

*To diagnose an individual possessions of the necessary prerequisites for learning new skills *To check the results of student learning during the process of a lesson *To provide document of students progress for parents or administrators *Useful in evaluating the instructional system itself (Formative/ Summative evaluation) *Early determination of performance measures before development of lesson plan and instructional materials

Stage 6. Instructional Strategy

* Purpose : To outline how instructional activities will relate to the accomplishment of the objectives *The best lesson design : Demonstrating knowledge about the learners, tasks reflected in the objectives, and effectiveness of teaching strategies e.g. Choice of delivering system.Teacher-led, Group-paced vs. Learner-centered, Learner-paced

Stage 7. Instructional Meterials

* Purpose : To select printed or other media intended to convey events of instruction. * Use of existing materials when it is possible * Need for development of new materials, otherwise * Role of teacher : It depends on the choice of delivery system

Stage 8. Formative Evaluation

* Purpose : To provide data for revising and improving instructional materials * To revise the instruction so as to make it as effective as possible for larger number of students * One on One : One evaluator sitting with one learner to interview * Small Group * Field Trial

Stage 9. Summative Evaluation

* Purpose : To study the effectiveness of system as a whole * Conducted after the system has passed through its formative stage * Small scale/ Large Scale * Short period/ Long period

4.Waterfall Model

The waterfall model is a popular version of the systems development life cycle model for software engineering. Often considered the classic approach to the systems development life cycle, the waterfall model describes a development method that is linear and sequential. Waterfall development has distinct goals for each phase of development. Imagine a waterfall on the cliff of a steep mountain. Once the water has flowed over the edge of the cliff and has begun its journey down the side of the mountain, it cannot turn back. It is the same with waterfall development. Once a phase of development is completed, the development proceeds to the next phase and there is no turning back.

The advantage of waterfall development is that it allows for departmentalization and managerial control. A schedule can be set with deadlines for each stage of development and a product can proceed through the development process like a car in a carwash, and theoretically, be delivered on time. Development moves from concept, through design, implementation, testing, installation, troubleshooting, and ends up at operation and maintenance. Each phase of development proceeds in strict order, without any overlapping or iterative steps.

The disadvantage of waterfall development is that it does not allow for much reflection or revision. Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very difficult to go back and change something that was not well-thought out in the concept stage. Alternatives to the waterfall model include joint application development (JAD), rapid application development (RAD), synch and stabilize, build and fix, and the spiral model.

To be more specific, overall process of developing a web site generally follows six major stages:

- Site definition and planning (Analysis)
- Information architecture (Analysis)
- Site design (Design)
- Site construction (Development)
- Site marketing/implementation (Implementation)
- Tracking, evaluation, and maintenance (Evaluation)

SELF REVIEW

How to select ID and which one is better? It is depend to us.The choice that we are using to use is depending which one is appropriate with our website. It is important to make sure that the content that we want to deliver in our websites is successfully delivered to our user.