Subtopics :
-Steps in developing websites
-Design model and methodology
-Instructional design model
- A system development process can follow a number of standard or specific frameworks,methodologies, modeling tools and languages.
- For educational/training website, Instructional Design Model (ID Model) is a process framework (general) that can be use.
- What is ID Model ? Example of ID Model ?
1. ADDIE model
- Analyze: Define the needs and constraints
- Design: Specify learning activities, assessment and choose methods and media
- Develop: Begin production, formative evaluation, and revise
- Implement: Put the plan into action
- Evaluate: Evaluate the plan from all levels for next implementation
2. Hannafin Peck Model
The
Hannafin Peck (1987) design model is a three phase process. In the first phase,
a needs assessment is performed. This phase is followed by a design phase.
Finally, in the third phase, instruction is developed and implemented.
The term
"needs assessment" has become strongly associated with education and
instructional design. However the same basic process is used to determine
customer needs and wants for products and services. In business the term used is
"market research", with the target market for a product or service equivalent to
the target audience for a class or other training. Needs analysis, market
research, market analysis, and needs assessments are terms used somewhat
interchangeably to describe this process.
3. Dick and Carey Design Model
Stage 1. Instructional Goals
* Instructional Goal: Desirable state of affairs by
instruction * Needs Analysis : Analysis of a discrepancy between an
instructional goal and the present state of affairs or a personal perception
of needs.
Stage 2. Instructional Analysis
* Purpose : To determine the skills involved in
reaching a goal * Task Analysis (procedural analysis) : about the product of
which would be a list of steps and the skills used at each step in the procedure
* Information-Processing Analysis : about the mental operations used by a person
who has learned a complex skills * Learning-Task Analysis : about the objectives
of instruction that involve intellectual skills
Stage 3. Entry Behaviors and Learner
Characteristics
* Purpose : To determine which of the required enabling
skills the learners bring to the learning task * Intellectual skills * Abilities
such as verbal comprehension and spatial orientation * Traits of
personality
Stage 4. Performance Objectives
* Purpose : To
translate the needs and goals into specific and detail objectives * Functions :
Determining whether the instruction related to its goals.
Focusing the lesson planning upon
appropriate conditions of learning Guiding the development of
measures of learner performance .Assisting learners in their study
efforts.
Stage 5. Criterion-Referenced Test
Items
*To diagnose an individual possessions of the necessary
prerequisites for learning new skills *To check the results of student learning
during the process of a lesson *To provide document of students progress for
parents or administrators *Useful in evaluating the instructional system itself
(Formative/ Summative evaluation) *Early determination of performance measures
before development of lesson plan and instructional materials
Stage 6. Instructional Strategy
* Purpose : To outline how instructional activities
will relate to the accomplishment of the objectives *The best lesson design :
Demonstrating knowledge about the learners, tasks reflected in the objectives,
and effectiveness of teaching strategies e.g. Choice of delivering system.Teacher-led,
Group-paced vs. Learner-centered, Learner-paced
Stage 7. Instructional Meterials
* Purpose : To select printed or other media intended
to convey events of instruction. * Use of existing materials when it is possible
* Need for development of new materials, otherwise * Role of teacher : It
depends on the choice of delivery system
Stage 8. Formative Evaluation
* Purpose : To provide data for revising and improving
instructional materials * To revise the instruction so as to make it as
effective as possible for larger number of students * One on One : One evaluator
sitting with one learner to interview * Small Group * Field Trial
Stage 9. Summative Evaluation
* Purpose : To study the effectiveness of system as a
whole * Conducted after the system has passed through its formative stage *
Small scale/ Large Scale * Short period/ Long period4.Waterfall Model
The
waterfall model is a popular version of the systems development life cycle model
for software engineering. Often considered the classic approach to the systems
development life cycle, the waterfall model describes a development method that
is linear and sequential. Waterfall development has distinct goals for each
phase of development. Imagine a waterfall on the cliff of a steep mountain. Once
the water has flowed over the edge of the cliff and has begun its journey down
the side of the mountain, it cannot turn back. It is the same with waterfall
development. Once a phase of development is completed, the development proceeds
to the next phase and there is no turning back.
The
advantage of waterfall development is that it allows for departmentalization and
managerial control. A schedule can be set with deadlines for each stage of
development and a product can proceed through the development process like a car
in a carwash, and theoretically, be delivered on time. Development moves from
concept, through design, implementation, testing, installation, troubleshooting,
and ends up at operation and maintenance. Each phase of development proceeds in
strict order, without any overlapping or iterative
steps.
The disadvantage of waterfall
development is that it does not allow for much reflection or revision. Once an
application is in the testing stage, it is very difficult to go back and change
something that was not well-thought out in the concept stage. Alternatives to
the waterfall model include joint application development (JAD), rapid application
development (RAD), synch and stabilize, build and fix, and the spiral
model.
To be
more specific, overall process of developing a web site generally follows six
major stages:
- Site
definition and planning (Analysis)
- Information architecture (Analysis)
- Site design (Design)
- Site construction (Development)
- Site marketing/implementation (Implementation)
- Tracking, evaluation, and maintenance (Evaluation)
- Information architecture (Analysis)
- Site design (Design)
- Site construction (Development)
- Site marketing/implementation (Implementation)
- Tracking, evaluation, and maintenance (Evaluation)
SELF
REVIEW
How to select ID and which one is better? It is
depend to us.The choice that we are using to use is depending which one is
appropriate with our website. It is important to make sure that the content that
we want to deliver in our websites is successfully delivered to our
user.